PSG has now secured the prestigious cup on fourteen different occasions.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions victory.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times late to take a surprise lead. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital equaliser in the final seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout win.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now lifted this competition for the twelfth time in the last thirteen seasons.